Long-term Follow-up of Glycemic and Neurological Outcomes in an International Series of Patients With Sulfonylurea-Treated Permanent Neonatal Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: mutations cause neonatal diabetes mellitus that can be transient (TNDM) or, less commonly, permanent (PNDM); ∼90% of individuals can be treated with oral sulfonylureas instead of insulin. Previous studies suggested that people with PNDM require lower sulfonylurea doses and have milder neurological features than those with PNDM. However, these studies were short-term and included combinations of -PNDM and -TNDM. We aimed to assess the long-term glycemic and neurological outcomes in sulfonylurea-treated -PNDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied all 24 individuals with PNDM diagnosed in the U.K., Italy, France, and U.S. known to transfer from insulin to sulfonylureas before May 2010. Data on glycemic control, sulfonylurea dose, adverse effects including hypoglycemia, and neurological features were analyzed using nonparametric statistical methods.

RESULTS: Long-term data were obtained for 21 of 24 individuals (median follow-up 10.0 [range 4.1-13.2] years). Eighteen of 21 remained on sulfonylureas without insulin at the most recent follow-up. Glycemic control improved on sulfonylureas (presulfonylurea vs. 1-year posttransfer HbA 7.2% vs. 5.7%, = 0.0004) and remained excellent long-term (1-year vs. 10-year HbA 5.7% vs. 6.5%, = 0.04), = 16. Relatively high doses were used (1-year vs. 10-year dose 0.37 vs. 0.25 mg/kg/day glyburide, = 0.50) without any severe hypoglycemia. Neurological features were reported in 13 of 21 individuals; these improved following sulfonylurea transfer in 7 of 13. The most common features were learning difficulties (52%), developmental delay (48%), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (38%).

CONCLUSIONS: Sulfonylurea treatment of -PNDM results in excellent long-term glycemic control. Overt neurological features frequently occur and may improve with sulfonylureas, supporting early, rapid genetic testing to guide appropriate treatment and neurodevelopmental assessment.