Metabolic regulation and glucose sensitivity of cortical radial glial cells.

The primary stem cells of the cerebral cortex are the radial glial cells (RGCs), and disturbances in their operation lead to myriad brain disorders in all mammals from mice to humans. Here, we found in mice that maternal gestational obesity and hyperglycemia can impair the maturation of RGC fibers and delay cortical neurogenesis. To investigate potential mechanisms, we used optogenetic live-imaging approaches in embryonic cortical slices. We found that Ca signaling regulates mitochondrial transport and is crucial for metabolic support in RGC fibers. Cyclic intracellular Ca discharge from localized RGC fiber segments detains passing mitochondria and ensures their proper distribution and enrichment at specific sites such as endfeet. Impairment of mitochondrial function caused an acute loss of Ca signaling, while hyperglycemia decreased Ca activity and impaired mitochondrial transport, leading to degradation of the RGC scaffold. Our findings uncover a physiological mechanism indicating pathways by which gestational metabolic disturbances can interfere with brain development.